Do Contaminants Play a Role in Diabetes?
A study linking a pesticide in fish to diabetes adds to the growing chorus of studies suggesting that environmental contaminants may play a role in the widespread disease.
By Andrew McGlashen and Environmental Health News, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=pesticide-and-diabetes&print=true
Eat right and exercise, conventional wisdom has it, if you want to avoid joining the diabetes epidemic.
But a new study adds some muscle to a growing body of research suggesting those steps, though beneficial, might not be enough for people exposed to chemicals in the environment.
The scientists linked diabetes and people’s body burdens of DDE, a chemical produced as the body breaks down the pesticide DDT, banned in the United States more than 35 years ago.
“Even though we haven’t used DDT in decades, its metabolites are still detected in almost everyone in the country,” said lead researcher Mary Turyk, an epidemiologist at the University of Illinois-Chicago’s School of Public Health.
Since the early 1990s, researchers have monitored a group of Great Lakes charter boat captains, recreational fishermen and others to learn about the health effects of eating fish tainted with persistent organic pollutants – chemicals that remain in the environment for decades and grow more concentrated as they move up food chains.
For the new study, blood samples from the Great Lakes group showed “consistent, dose-related associations of DDE” with diabetes, the researchers wrote in the July issue of Environmental Health Perspectives.
Among 471 adults, including 36 with diabetes, there was no link to the disease based on the amount of fish consumed or exposure to other pollutants. But the higher the concentration of DDE in the blood, the more likely they were to develop diabetes.
The study is among the strongest voices in a chorus of research supporting the link between environmental chemicals and diabetes, according to David O. Carpenter, director of the Institute for Health and the Environment at the University of Albany in New York. He was not involved in the study.
“Most people have not thought of diabetes as a disease related to environmental exposure,” he said, “and these studies show that it is. The science has been growing very, very rapidly, and to my mind, it’s one of the most exciting developments in the study of diabetes.”
Diabetics cannot produce or use enough insulin, a hormone that lets glucose – the body’s fuel – enter cells. More than 23 million Americans, or eight percent of the population, are diabetic, and that group swelled by 13.5 percent from 2005 to 2007, according to the American Diabetes Assn.
For the most common type of diabetes, Type 2, obesity and lack of exercise play a key role. The bulk of studies searching for a cause have focused on lifestyle factors, while research on environmental influences hasn’t been prominent in journals devoted to the disease, said Henry Kahn, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Diabetes Translation.
“But maybe it should be. It would be foolish to overlook pollution as a factor,” he said, adding that he and colleagues have lately taken a greater interest in the role of pollutants. “We recognize it’s possibly a very important thing,” he said. “We agree it’s on the list of things worth studying.”
Oliver Jones, a biochemist at the University of Cambridge, wrote in the journal Lancet last year that “if there is indeed a link” between contaminants and diabetes, “the health implications could be tremendous. There has been almost no consideration for the possible influence of environmental factors such as pollution."
Among the reasons to believe that the environment might be involved in diabetes, according to Carpenter, is that its prevalence varies across geographic areas, and people who move to places where it’s more common become more likely to get sick. Kahn, however, said that effect could be due to people migrating to more developed areas, where a richer diet and more sedentary lifestyle are the norm.
Further evidence came from a sweeping study of more than 2,000 adults, conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, that found people with the highest levels of six pollutants were 38 times more likely to have diabetes than those with the lowest exposure. The chemicals, including PCBs, dioxins and DDE, were chosen because they were present in at least 80 percent of participants.
“That’s just mind-boggling,” Carpenter said.
Also, Vietnam veterans exposed to the dioxin-laced defoliant Agent Orange were significantly more likely than average to become diabetic, prompting the government to offer compensation to diabetic veterans.
The way the new Great Lakes study was conducted makes its findings especially convincing, according to the authors and other experts.
Other research has found similar links between diabetes and pollutants, but they were cross-sectional studies, which means “you measure the level of a chemical and ask people if they have diabetes,” Turyk said.
Those studies could easily be skewed, Turyk said, because they don’t indicate whether diabetes developed before a person was exposed to pollutants. But in the new paper, she and colleagues measured participants’ exposure to DDE from blood samples taken in the mid-1990s, then followed up with them for nearly a decade to see who among them became diabetic, thereby ensuring that diabetics were exposed before they were diagnosed.
The paper further bulwarked the claim by discrediting the hypothesis that the link between the two is a statistical fluke. Critics have suggested that pollutants like DDE only appear to be potential causes of the disease because diabetics more slowly break down the chemicals, and therefore carry more of them.
But Turyk, sharing principal research duties with Henry Anderson of the Wisconsin Division of Public Health and Victoria Persky at the University of Illinois-Chicago, quashed that theory by showing no difference in DDE metabolism rates between diabetics and non-diabetics.
“This paper clearly shows that’s not the case,” said Carpenter. “It’s a very important contribution because of that fact.”
The researchers controlled for obesity, age and other risk factors, and still found a link to DDE exposure. The study didn’t distinguish between Type 2 and Type 1, or early-onset diabetes, but most diabetics in the study suffered from Type 2, which is more common in adults.
The authors said the relatively small number of participants and short duration limit the reliability of the findings. In addition, the link to DDE was relatively weak compared with past research.
Like nearly all human health research, it doesn’t directly show that chemicals in the environment cause diabetes.
“With epidemiology, you gather a body of evidence against something,” she said. “You can never really prove something causes something else.”
Scientists still don’t understand the mechanism by which DDE and other chemicals might contribute to diabetes, according to Carpenter, though he said pollution seems to disrupt the way genes produce proteins and “basically change the biochemistry of the cell.”
“It may be that they’re toxic to the pancreas,” which produces insulin Kahn added. “We don’t know.”
For now, common-sense precautions are everyone's best bet, Carpenter said.
“Obese people are usually obese because they eat too many animal fats, and animal fats are where these contaminants are commonly found,” he said.
Turyk added that “people should definitely follow sport fish advisories,” which warn about contaminants in waterways.
This article originally ran at Environmental Health News, a news source published by Environmental Health Sciences, a nonprofit media company.
