Source: Stata FAQs by Willam Gould
A Chow test is simply a test of whether the coefficients estimated over one group of the data are equal to the coefficients estimated over another, and you would be better off to forget the word Chow and remember that definition.
History: In the days when statistical packages were not as sophisticated as they are now, testing whether coefficients were equal was not so easy. You had to write your own program, typically in FORTRAN. Chow showed a way you could perform a Wald test based on statistics that were commonly reported, and that would produce the same result as if you performed the Wald test.
Full text: here
Other related article:
How can I compute the Chow test statistic? http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/stat/chow.html
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